Cervical necrotizing fasciitis caused by oral cavity infection: a case report considering therapeutic approach and its morphofunctional implications / Fascitis necrosante cervical causada por infección de la cavidad oral. Reporte de un caso considerando el abordaje terapéutico y sus implicaciones morfofuncionales

SUMMARY: Cervical necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare complication of oral cavity infection with high morbi-mortality. Given its low prevalence, adequately reporting cases of NF, its therapeutic management, and associated morphofunctional modifications to the clinical and scientific community is pivotal. To that end, we herein describe a case of cervical NF in a 60-year-old patient with comorbidities and patient presented large, painful cervical swelling associated with a necrotic ulcer lesion in the anterior neck region. Intraoral examination indicated a periodontal abscess in the right mandibular area, while computed tomography indicated the lesion's extension from the right mandibular to the submandibular region. Following empirical intravenous antibiotic treatment, a broad surgical debridement was performed, and the foci of oral infection were removed. Debridement revealed communication between deep and superficial anatomical regions in the submandibular area, where we subsequently placed a Penrose drain. Biopsies showing acute inflammatory infiltrate associated with necrotic and hemorrhagic regions confirmed the diagnosis of NF. When an antibiogram revealed resistance to the empirical treatment, the antibiotic scheme was replaced with an adequate alternative. After a second debridement, we closed the defect with fascio-mucocutaneous advancement flaps with a lateral base while maintaining suction drainage. Having reacted positively, the patient was discharged 10 days after the operation. Despite an extensive morphofunctional change generated in the treated area, the patient showed no difficulties with breathing, phonation, swallowing, or mobilizing the area during control sessions. Altogether, this report contributes to the highly limited literature describing morphological aspects that can facilitate or delay the spread of infection or the morphofunctional disorders associated with the size and depth of surgical interventions for cervical NF, information that is relevant for the comprehensive, long-term prognosis of the treatment of NF.

La fascitis necrosante (FN) cervical es una rara complicación de una infección proveniente de la cavidad bucal asociada a una alta morbimortalidad. Por lo anterior, es fundamental informar a la comunidad clínica y científica los casos de FN, su manejo terapéutico y las modificaciones morfofuncionales asociadas. Se describe un caso de FN cervical en una paciente de 60 años quien presentó una gran tumefacción dolorosa asociada a una lesión ulcerosa necrótica en la región anterior del cuello. El examen intraoral mostró un absceso periodontal en el área mandibular derecha y la tomografía computarizada mostró la extensión de la lesión hacia la región submandibular. Tras el tratamiento antibiótico empírico, se realizó un desbridamiento quirúrgico extenso y se extirparon los focos de infección oral. El desbridamiento reveló comunicación entre las regiones anatómicas profundas y superficiales del área submandibular, donde se colocó un drenaje Penrose. Las biopsias mostraron un infiltrado inflamatorio agudo asociado con regiones necróticas y hemorrágicas, confirmando el diagnóstico de FN. El antibiograma reveló resistencia al tratamiento empírico, por lo que el esquema antibiótico se sustituyó. Tras un segundo desbridamiento, se cerró el defecto con colgajos de avance fascio-mucocutáneos de base lateral manteniendo drenaje aspirativo. El positivo progreso del paciente permitió su alta 10 días después. Aun cuando se generó una gran modificación morfofuncional en el área tratada, la paciente no presentó dificultades para respirar, hablar, deglutir o movilizar el área cervical intervenida durante las sesiones de control. Este informe contribuye a la limitada literatura que describe los aspectos morfológicos que pueden facilitar o retrasar la propagación de la FN y las consecuencias asociadas a los trastornos morfofuncionales provocadas por el tamaño y profundidad de las intervenciones quirúrgicas requeridas por la FN, información relevante para el pronóstico integral a largo plazo del tratamiento de la FN.

Debridement of axillary necrotizing fasciitis under anesthetic blocks of the serratus plane and supraclavicular brachial plexus: a case report

Abstract The regional techniques for axillary analgesia are well established. However, few studies have investigated surgical anesthesia. In this report, extensive debridement of axillary necrotizing fasciitis, including the posteromedial region of the right arm, performed under exclusive regional anesthesia in a patient with probable difficult airway is described. The procedure was accomplished under a Serratus Plane Block (SPB) and supraclavicular brachial plexus block, guided by ultrasound, and with venous sedation. We observed satisfactory anesthesia 15 minutes after the intervention, efficient intraoperative pain control and within the following 24 hours. Surgical axilla anesthesia is feasible with the described blocks.

Conceptos para la identificación y abordaje dela gangrena de Fournier / Concepts for the identification and approach of Fournier's gangrene

Introducción. La gangrena de Fournier es una fasciitis necrosante fulminante y progresiva, de origen infeccioso sinérgico polimicrobiano, que afecta las regiones perianal, perineal, genital y abdominal. Su incidencia es mayor en hombres, la edad promedio de presentación reportada está en los 54,7 ± 15,6 años, su mortalidad es del 3-67 %, aunque hay estudios que informan una mortalidad en hombres del 7,5 % y en las mujeres del 12,8 %. Métodos. Se hizo una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos y fuentes de información PubMed, Scielo y Google Scholar, publicados entre 1950 y 2018, utilizando términos como "fournier gangrene", "fasciitis, necrotizing", "wound infection", "therapy"[subheading] y "GRADE approach". Se realizó una segunda revisión para artículos latinoamericanos en español hasta 2020 usando las mismas fuentes y palabras claves. Resultados. Se seleccionaron artículos que reportaron definiciones, datos históricos, actualizaciones en diagnóstico y terapéutica para hacer una revisión actualizada. Para el uso de las imágenes se solicitó consentimiento informado. Conclusión. La gangrena de Fournier continúa siendo una emergencia quirúrgica potencialmente letal. Gracias a las investigaciones realizadas se ha avanzado en su tratamiento, mejorando los resultados. Es importante analizar los factores de riesgo en cada paciente y su etiología para establecer el tratamiento más adecuado.

Introduction. Fournier's gangrene is a fulminant and progressive necrotizing fasciitis of synergistic polymicrobial infectious origin that affects the perianal, perineal, genital and abdominal regions. Its incidence is greater in men, the average age of reported presentation is 54.7 ± 15.6 years; its mortality is 3-67%, although there are studies that report a mortality of 7.5% in men and 12.8% in women. Methodology. A review of the literature was carried out in the databases and information sources: PubMed, Scielo, and Google Scholar, published between 1950 and 2018 using terms such as "Fournier Gangrene", "Fasciitis, Necrotizing", Wound Infection, "therapy"[Subheading] and "GRADE Approach". A second review was performed for articles in Latin American Spanish up to 2020 using the same sources and keywords. Results. Articles that reported definitions, historical data, diagnostic and therapeutic updates were selected, performing an updated review. Informed consent was requested for the use of images.Conclusion. Fournier's gangrene continues to be a potentially lethal surgical emergency, thanks to the research carried out, progress has been made in its treatment, improving results. It is important to analyze the risk factors for each patient and its etiology to establish the most appropriate treatment

Diverticulitis perforada causante de fascitis necrotizante de miembro inferior / Perforated diverticulitis causing necrotizing fasciitis of the lower limb / Diverticulite perfurada causando fasceíte necrosante do membro inferior

Mujer de 59 años, con antecedentes de diverticulosis de colon, que acude por dolor en la región inguinal y en el miembro inferior izquierdo de dos meses de evolución. En una primera instancia, la paciente se presentó con clínica de sepsis y se objetivó un eritema en el miembro inferior izquierdo, asociado a celulitis y crepitación subcutánea. La TC mostraba una colección hidroaérea en psoas y retroperitoneal que asciende hasta la cavidad abdominal hallándose una diverticulitis perforada. El tratamiento quirúrgico se basó en el drenaje de la colección retroperitoneal y sigmoidectomía, seguido de una fasciotomía, desbridamiento y lavado del muslo. La perforación de un divertículo puede formar un absceso intraperitoneal desarrollando una peritonitis o un absceso retroperitoneal, derivando en una translocación bacteriana hacia la extremidad inferior, debido a la comunicación existente en el anillo crural, generando una fascitis necrotizante del miembro.

Shock séptico secundario a fascitis necrotizante abdominal tras drenaje de absceso interesfintérico perianal / Septic shock secondary to abdominal necrotizing fascitis after drainage of perianal intersphyteric abscess

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este manuscrito es presentar el caso de un varón de 41 años que debuta con shock séptico y fascitis necrotizante abdominal en el posoperatorio del desbridamiento de un absceso perianal para focalizar la atención del lector en la posible evolución clínica hacia gangrena de Fournier. Materiales y Método: Tras la intervención, el paciente refiere aumento de temperatura y sensación de crepitación subcutánea a nivel abdominal, junto con empeoramiento clínico y hemodinámico, evidenciándose evolución tórpida hacia gangrena de Fournier extendida a región abdominal. Resultados: Tras la reintervención, el paciente presentó una evolución favorable aunque requirió sucesivas curas y desbridamientos quirúrgicos. Conclusiones y Discusión: Cabe destacar la importancia de una exploración clínica completa y detallada previa a cualquier intervención quirúrgica, así como el diagnóstico temprano en situaciones de shock séptico que permitan inicio de antibioterapia precoz y control del foco eficaz.

Aim: The objective of this manuscript is to present the case of a 41-year-old man with septic shock and abdominal necrotizing fasciitis after drainage of an interesphinteric perianal abscess to focus the reader's attention on the possible clinical evolution towards Fournier's gangrene. Materials and Method: After the intervention, the patient reported an increase in temperature and a sensation of subcutaneous crepitus at the abdominal level, with clinical and hemodynamic worsening, showing a torpid evolution towards Fournier's gangrene extended to the abdominal area. Results: After the reoperation, the patient presented a favorable evolution, although he required successive cures and surgical debridements. Conclusions and Discussion: It is worth highlighting the importance of a complete and detailed clinical examination prior to any surgical intervention, as well as the early diagnosis in situations of septic shock that allow early initiation of antibiotic therapy and effective control of the focus.

Two cases of Vibrio vulnificus primary sepsis / 中华烧伤杂志

This article analyzed the medical records of two patients with Vibrio vulnificus primary sepsis who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University and reviewed the latest literature. On November 6, 2019, a 54-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital. The patient's lower limbs were red, swollen, and painful with ecchymosis and hemorrhagic bullae after he ate freshwater products. The emergency fasciotomy was performed 3 h after admission, and the multiple organ failure occurred after operation. The patient was given up treatment 24 h after admission. On August 12, 2020, a 73-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital. He was in shock state on admission and had hemorrhagic bullae on his right lower limb after he ate seafood. At 3 h post admission, he underwent emergency surgical exploration and amputation of right thigh. Six days later, he received negative pressure wound treatment on the stump. On the 13th day post admission, his families forgo the active treatment and he died 15 d after admission. The two cases were both failed to be diagnosed at the first time, and the disease progressed rapidly. Necrotizing fasciitis and multiple organ failure occurred. After the diagnosis was confirmed, timely fasciotomy and high amputation were performed respectively. The microbiological examinations both reported Vibrio vulnificus. Although the 2 cases were not cured successfully, the course of disease and some indexes of patient with early amputation were better than those of patients with fasciotomy. Vibrio vulnificus is widely distributed and frequently detected in fresh water products. The pathogenic pathway is fuzzy and complex, and it is easy to be misdiagnosed. It is necessary to establish the treatment process of Vibrio vulnificus sepsis. Early and aggressive surgical intervention should be carried out as soon as possible, fasciotomy and debridement should be thorough, and the patients with hemorrhagic bullae should be amputated early. Postoperative comprehensive measures are also important for improving the survival rate of patients.

Fascitis necrotizante por Enterococcus gallinarum en una puérpera. Presentación de un caso / Necrotizing fasciitis due to Enterococcus gallinarum in a pospartum patient. Case report

RESUMEN Fundamento: La fascitis necrotizante es una infección que se desarrolla de manera rápida, afecta la piel, tejido celular subcutáneo, fascia superficial y en ocasiones la profunda, en heridas quirúrgicas al producir necrosis hística y severa toxicidad sistémica. Es una afectación sistémica acompañante, que a su vez a ella se asocian factores predisponentes endógenos como: diabetes mellitus, obesidad, alcoholismo, infección por VIH, y exógenos: cirugía ginecobstétrica, inyecciones, traumatismos; por lo que estos pacientes resultan ser enfermos críticos en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, con un curso clínico no uniforme, al llevar a una evolución fulminante cuando corresponde con la variante hiperaguda o fulminante. Objetivo: Describir la presencia de fascitis necrotizante hiperaguda causada por Enterococcus gallinarum, en una puérpera. Reporte de caso: Puérpera que se le practicó parto distócico por cesárea electiva a las 38.3 semanas, a las 24 h presentó manifestaciones generales que se acompañaron de lesiones en la piel; se le realizó cirugía ginecobstétrica, su evolución fue tórpida y falleció por fallo multiorgánico a los 3 días debido a las consecuencias de fascitis necrotizante hiperaguda o fulminante, causada esta por un Enterococcus gallinarum. Conclusiones: La fascitis necrotizante es una enfermedad poco frecuente y mortal si no se trata a tiempo; su diagnóstico resulta difícil en su fase inicial, debido a que casi siempre es clínico. El tratamiento quirúrgico debe ser urgente, combinarse este con antibióticoterapia sistémica, debido al germen causal y la toxicidad que producen.

ABSTRACT Background: Necrotizing fasciitis is an infection that develops rapidly, affecting the skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue, superficial fascia and sometimes deep fascia, in surgical wounds by producing hystenotic necrosis and severe systemic toxicity. It is a supplementary systemic affectation, which in turn is associated with endogenous predisposing factors such as: diabetes mellitus, obesity, alcoholism, HIV infection, and exogenous: gynecobstetric surgery, injections, traumatisms; so these patients are critical patients in intensive care units, with a non-uniform clinical progression, leading to a fulminant evolution when parallel to the hyperacute or fulminant variant. Objective: To describe the presence of hyperacute necrotizing fasciitis caused by Enterococcus gallinarum in a puerperal. Case report: A puerperal who suffered from dystocia delivery by elective cesarean section at 38.3 weeks, at 24 h presented general manifestations accompanied by skin lesions; she underwent gynecobstetric surgery, her evolution was torpid and she died of multiorgan failure after 3 days due to the consequences of hyperacute or fulminant necrotizing fasciitis, caused by Enterococcus gallinarum. Conclusions: Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare and fatal disease if not treated in time; its diagnosis is difficult in its early phase because it is often clinical. Surgical treatment should be urgent and combined with systemic antibiotic therapy due to the causative germ and the toxicity they produce.

Fascitis necrotizante cervical: experiencia en el Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Ciudad de México, / Cervical necrotizing fasciitis: Experience in the Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City,

Introducción: la fascitis necrotizante cervical es una entidad poco frecuente en la cabeza y el cuello, pero su importancia está dada por la elevada tasa de mortalidad. La importancia clínica de este estudio se debe al hecho de que no hay muchos reportes de casos de esta patología en América Latina, por lo cual queremos describir la experiencia en nuestro Hospital. Objetivo: describir la experiencia en fascitis necrotizante cervical en el Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de historias clínicas del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello del Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, de 2011 a 2017. Resultados: se incluyeron 11 historias clínicas con diagnóstico de fascitis necrotizante cervical, de las cuales 8 (72,7 %) eran hombres y 3 (27,2%) mujeres, con una edad promedio de 49,1 años. 5 (45,4 %) pacientes debutaron con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). El origen de la infección fue odontogénico en 3 (27,2 %) pacientes. Los microorganismos más frecuentes fueron Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus anginosus y Staphylococcus epidermidis. Los 11 pacientes (100 %) fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente e impregnados con antimicrobianos empíricos, que posteriormente fueron modificados o no según los resultados del antibiograma. La hospitalización promedio fue de 18,7 días. 3 (27,2 %) pacientes presentaron mediastinitis como complicación. Hubo 2 muertes (18,1 %). Conclusión: el diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico y quirúrgico agresivo pueden reducir significativamente la morbimortalidad.

Introduction: Cervical necrotizing fasciitis is a rare entity in the head and neck, but its importance is given by the high mortality rate. The clinical importance of this study is due to the fact that there are not many case reports of this pathology in Latin America, which is why we want to describe the experience in our hospital. Objective: To describe the experience in cervical necrotizing fasciitis at the Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González. Materials and methods: Descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study of medical records of the Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Service of the Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, from 2011 to 2017. Results: 11 medical records with a diagnosis of cervical necrotizing fasciitis were included, of which 8 (72.7%) were men and 3 (27.2%) were women, with a mean age of 49.1 years. 5 (45.4%) patients presented with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The origin of the infection was odontogenic in 3 (27.2%) patients. The most frequent microorganisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus anginosus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The 11 patients (100%) underwent surgery and impregnated with empirical antimicrobials, which were later modified or not, according to the results of the antibiogram. The average hospitalization was 18.7 days. 3 (27.2%) patients presented mediastinitis as a complication. There were two deaths (18.1%). Conclusion: Early diagnosis and aggressive empirical and surgical antimicrobial treatment can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality.

Fascitis necrotizante como complicación de una osteosíntesis de fractura medial de cadera. Presentación de un caso / Necrotizing fasciitis. Complication of osteosynthesis in medial hip fracture. Case presentation

Introducción: La fascitis necrotizante es un cuadro infrecuente que provoca una alta morbimortalidad. La comunicación de esta entidad asociada a una osteosíntesis de cadera con tornillos canulados es inusual. Se describe el caso de un paciente con múltiples comorbilidades tratado por una fractura medial de cadera mediante una osteosíntesis con tornillos canulados. El paciente ingresó con un cuadro de shock séptico. Requirió cirugía de urgencia con fasciotomía amplia y limpieza quirúrgica más desbridamiento extenso de tejido necrótico. Esta presentación hace hincapié en la importancia de reconocer las principales manifestaciones de esta enfermedad. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico y requiere de una alta sospecha para instaurar un tratamiento precoz. Conclusión: A pesar de su baja frecuencia y los escasos reportes relacionados con cirugías ortopédicas, es importante tener en cuenta esta entidad como una posible complicación de la cirugía. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Necrotizing fasciitis is an infrequent pathology with a high morbidity and mortality. The report of this entity in relation to hip osteosynthesis with cannulated screws is unusual. The aim of this study is to present a case of necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of hip surgery. A case about a patient with multiple comorbidities treated for a femoral neck fracture with osteosynthesis with cannulated screws is described. The patient was admitted to the emergency department of our hospital suffering from septic shock. He required emergency surgical treatment with a wide fasciotomy and a surgical toilet plus extensive debridement of necrotic tissue. The case report emphasizes the importance of recognizing the main manifestations of this disease. The diagnosis is fundamentally clinical and requires high suspicion to establish treatment early. Conclusion: Despite its low frequency and reporting in relation to orthopedic surgeries, it is important to consider this entity as a possible complication of surgery. Necrotizing fasciitis is characterized by its rapid and torpid evolution. Early debridement has been shown to decrease mortality and is the best treatment along with antibiotic therapy. Level of Evidence: IV

Risk factors and interventions: Fournier gangrene in a tertiary hospital: A 10-year experience

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective.</strong> The study aimed to describe the patient demographic characteristics, clinical factors, surgical interventions, and quality of care parameters in non-survivors and survivors of Fournier's gangrene (FG).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods.</strong> A total of 131 cases of Fournier's gangrene (FG) were included in a retrospective chart review in the Philippine General Hospital over 10 years using the Department of Surgery research database. We collected data for various direct and derived variables from the identified population. The primary outcome was mortality rate, while other factors studied were genital and colorectal manipulation, bowel diversion, laboratory parameters (white blood cell count, creatinine, hemoglobin).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results.</strong> The mortality rate was 15%. Diabetes mellitus was common comorbidity among patients with Fournier's disease. The following were statistically more common in the non-survivor group: female sex, concomitant bowel diversion surgery. Admission data in the non-survivor group showed a lower serum hemoglobin, a higher serum creatinine, and an increased percentage of patients with an abnormal white blood cell count; these did not statistically differ between cohorts, however. The median time to first antibiotic infusion was six hours. The median time to surgery was 13 hours.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions.</strong> Among patients with Fournier's gangrene, the proportion of women and those undergoing bowel diversion was higher in those who did not survive. The time of infusion of antibiotics or time to surgery did not differ significantly between survivors and non-survivors.</p>

Poliartritis séptica y fascitis necrotizante en un paciente inmunocompetente. Reporte de caso / Septic polyarthritis and necrotizing fascitis in an immunocompetent patient. Case report

La presentación de poliartritis séptica en un paciente inmunocompetente es infrecuente, aún más lo es la presentación de la mencionada junto con fascitis necrotizante en el contexto de infección por Streptococcus Pyogenes (SP). Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 54 años, recluido, sin antecedentes médicos relevantes, inmunocompetente, quien debuta con un cuadro clínico de poliartritis séptica en rodilla bilateral y tobillo izquierdo. Recibe manejo con múltiples lavados y desbridamientos quirúrgicos, desarrolla fascitis necrotizante de la cara posterior de la pierna izquierda, recibe a su vez manejo quirúrgico para dicha condición (incluyendo aplicación de terapia de vacío), al igual que antibioticoterapia enfocada al manejo del germen aislado (Penicilina + vancomicina). Sin embargo, tras un mes de manejo conjunto con servicios de Cirugía Plástica, Dermatología, Ortopedia, así como vigilancia en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, termina con un desenlace fatal tras presentar falla multiorgánica. La infección por el SP puede resultar en una elevada morbilidad para él paciente e incluso un desenlace mortal secundario a un compromiso sistémico de muy difícil manejo. El diagnóstico oportuno, así como un tratamiento médico y quirúrgico agresivo pueden no ser suficientes para el control de la infección, incluso en pacientes sin compromiso inmunológico previo. Asimismo, un enfoque multidisciplinario debe corresponder al estándar de manejo con el fin de controlar aquellas condiciones predisponentes de infección. Este es el primer caso reportado en la literatura nacional en relación con estas dos fatales condiciones. Finalmente se pretende resaltar que a pesar de que esta infección suele comprometer infantes y pacientes inmunocomprometidos, no se debe obviar su diagnóstico en pacientes previamente sanos, especialmente en casos de infecciones de rápida diseminación y poca respuesta al manejo adecuado.

Septic polyarthritis in an immunocompetent patient is highly rare, even more when it coexists with necrotizing fasciitis caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes (SP). A 54 year old, immunocompetent male patient is presented herein. The patient had no relevant previous illness, before the installation of a septic arthritis of both knees and he's left ankle. He receives treatment with sequential surgical debridement, then develops necrotizing fasciitis of the posterior aspect of the left leg requiring adequate treatment for such condition (including Vacuum Assisted Closure), as well as antibiotic therapy for the specific infecting microorganism (Penicillin + Vancomycin). Nonetheless, after a month of surgical management between Plastic Surgery, Dermatology, Orthopaedics as well as surveillance in the Intensive Care Unit, the patient dies after multi organic failure. Infection caused by SP might entail high morbidity for a patient and even end with death of the aforementioned caused by a hard to manage systemic organic failure. The adequate diagnosis, as well as aggressive medical and surgical management could not be enough for controlling the infection, even in patients without previous immunological compromise. At the same time, a multidisciplinary approach must be the standard of treatment, aiming to control predisposing infectious conditions. This is the first case reported in national literature related to these two fatal conditions. Finally, one of the purposes of this report is to highlight that despite reports of this microorganism infecting infants and immunocompromised patients, it must not be obviated in healthy patients, especially in cases of rapidly spreading infection and scarce response to adequate management.

Fournier's gangrene by perianal abscess / Gangrena de Fournier por abscesso perianal

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe and analyze the cases of Fournier's Gangrene caused by perianal abscess treated in a tertiary hospital in western Paraná, correlating possible factors that influence mortality, with emphasis on late diagnosis and therapy. Methods: A retrospective and descriptive case series was carried out based on the analysis of medical records of patients with Fournier's Gangrene due to perianal abscess from January 2012 to December 2017. Results: Thirty-one patients with Fournier's Gangrene due to perianal abscess were treated in the period: 26 men and 5 women. Mean age was 53.51 ± 14.5 years. The most prevalent comorbidity in this group was type 2 diabetes mellitus, showing a strong correlation with mortality. The mean time from disease progression, from the initial symptom to the admission at the service, was 9.6 ± 6.81 days. All patients were submitted to antibiotic therapy and surgical treatment, with a mean of 3.25 ± 2.89 procedures/patient. Seven (22.58%) patients died and all of them showed signs of sepsis on admission; only 2 patients with sepsis did not die. Conclusion: The presence of sepsis on admission and type 2 diabetes mellitus were strongly correlated with mortality.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever e analisar os casos de gangrena de Fournier por abscesso perianal atendidos em hospital terciário do oeste do Paraná, correlacionando possíveis fatores que influenciem a mortalidade, com ênfase ao diagnóstico e terapêuticas tardias. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo de série de casos, retrospectivo e descritivo baseado na análise de prontuários de pacientes portadores de gangrena de Fournier devido a abscesso perianal no período de Janeiro de 2012 à Dezembro de 2017. Resultados: Foram tratados 31 pacientes com gangrena de Fournier por abscesso perianal no período, sendo 26 homens e 5 mulheres. A média de idade foi de 53,51 ± 14,5 anos. A comorbidade de maior prevalência neste grupo foi diabete melitus tipo 2, demonstrando forte correlação com mortalidade. A média do tempo de evolução da doença, do sintoma inicial até entrada no serviço, foi de 9,6 ± 6,81 dias. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à antibioticoterapia e tratamento cirúrgico com média de 3,25 ± 2,89 procedimentos/paciente. Sete (22,58%) pacientes evoluíram para óbito e todos estes apresentavam sinais de sepse na admissão; apenas 2 pacientes com sepse não evoluíram a óbito. Conclusão: Presença de sepse a admissão e diabete melitus tipo 2 foram fortemente correlacionadas com mortalidade.

Fascitis necrotizante / Necrotizing Fasciitis

RESUMEN Introducción: La fascitis necrotizante tiene origen polimicrobiano, se caracteriza por necrosis extensa acompañada de formación gaseosa en el tejido subcutáneo y fascia superficial. Objetivo: Describir el manejo terapéutico exitoso de dos casos afectos de fascitis necrotizante. Caso clínico: Dos pacientes tratados en el Hospital General Docente "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado", mujeres de la tercera y cuarta década de la vida, con área extensa de celulitis y necrosis de progreso rápido, necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico y cultivos positivos de Pseudomona y Escherichia coli respectivamente, con repercusión clínica sistémica. Conclusiones: La fascitis necrotizante es una enfermedad de ascenso rápido y etiología variada, que pone en riesgo la vida del paciente, el diagnóstico debe sospecharse tempranamente ofreciendo intervención oportuna y agresiva, el manejo debe ser multidisciplinario(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Necrotizing fasciitis has a polymicrobial origin. It is characterized by extensive necrosis accompanied by gas formation in the subcutaneous tissue and superficial fascia. Objective: To describe the successful therapeutic management of two cases with necrotizing fasciitis. Clinical case: Two patients treated at Abel Santamaría Cuadrado General Teaching Hospital, women at the third and fourth decades of life, with extensive area of cellulitis and rapidly progressing necrosis, need for surgical treatment and positive cultures of Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli, respectively, with systemic clinical repercussions. Conclusions: Necrotizing fasciitis is a disease of rapid progression and varied etiology, which puts the patient's life at risk; the diagnosis must be suspected early, offering timely and aggressive intervention, and management must be multidisciplinary(AU)

Uso de la escala LRINEC en pacientes con infecciones necrosantes en el miembro superior y su correlación con la morbimortalidad ortopédica / LRINEC score diagnostic value for necrotizing infections of the upper extremity and correlation with morbidity and mortality in orthopedics patients

Objetivo: Utilizar la escala LRINEC en pacientes con infecciones necrosantes de miembros superiores y evaluar su correlación con la morbimortalidad ortopédica. Materiales y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de las historias clínicas de los pacientes operados por nuestro equipo, entre el 1 de marzo de 2015 y el 1 de marzo de 2020. Se registraron los puntajes de la escala LRINEC de cada paciente operado con diagnóstico clínico y posoperatorio de infección necrosante de partes blandas, así como sus antecedentes clínicos, el microorganismo, las complicaciones y la morbimortalidad ortopédica, y otros datos clínicos importantes (tiempo de internación en terapia intensiva, necesidad de asistencia respiratoria mecánica y de diálisis, cantidad de cirugías), y se los comparó con el puntaje. Resultados: Se analizaron 4126 historias clínicas de pacientes operados por nuestro equipo. Tres tuvieron infecciones necrosantes del miembro superior. El puntaje aplicado en forma retrospectiva determinó que todos tenían una alta probabilidad de sufrir una infección necrosante. Los pacientes con puntaje más alto desarrollaron más comorbilidades ortopédicas y clínicas. Conclusiones: La escala LRINEC es un instrumento reproducible para el diagnóstico de infecciones necrosantes de partes blandas y está relacionada con el número de complicaciones y la morbilidad ortopédica, aunque no necesariamente con la cantidad de cirugías realizadas. Nivel de Evidencia: II

Objective: To use the LRINEC scoring system for necrotizing infections of the upper extremity and study its correlation with morbidity and mortality in Orthopedics patients Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the medical records of patients operated on by our team between March 1, 2015, and March 1, 2020. Data collection included the LRINEC scores of every patient who underwent surgery and had a clinical and postoperative diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infection, as well as their clinical history, causative organism, complications, Orthopedics-related morbidity and mortality data, and other significant clinical data (length of intensive care stay, need for mechanical respiratory assistance, need for dialysis, number of surgeries), which were then compared with their respective LRINEC score. Results: The review included 4126 medical records of patients who had undergone surgery by our team. There were three recorded cases of necrotizing infections in the upper extremity. Their LRINEC scores were retrospectively calculated and all of them showed a high risk of developing a necrotizing infection. The patients with the highest scores developed more Orthopedics and other clinical conditions. Conclusions: The LRINEC score is a reproducible method for the diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infections and is related to the number of complications and orthopedic conditions, although not necessarily with the number of surgeries. Level of Evidence: II

Fasceíte necrotizante cervical: relato de caso / Cervical necrotizing fasciitis: case report

Introdução: A Fasceíte Necrotizante Cervical é uma infecção rara, geralmente com evolução rápida e progressiva da fáscia superficial e do tecido adiposo subcutâneo. Pode se desenvolver a partir de uma infecção odontogênica que se dissemina para os planos faciais e profundos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso clínico de uma paciente do gênero feminino, 49 anos de idade, atendida na Emergência do Hospital Getúlio Vargas-PE, com quadro clínico sugestivo de Fasceíte Necrotizante Cervical de origem Odontogênica. Relato de caso: O tratamento proposto foi antibioticoterapia parenteral de amplo espectro, desbridamento cirúrgico radical com instalação de dreno de penrose transfixante submandibular direito, múltiplas exodontias para remoção do foco primário da infecção, além de curativos orientado pela equipe de infectologia. Considerações finais: Excepcionalmente, as Fasceítes Necrotizantes Cervicais devem ter diagnóstico e manejo imediato, devido aos altos índices de destruição, rápida progressão e mortalidade. Nos casos de Fasceíte Necrotizante de origem odontogênica, a antibioticoterapia, remoção do(s) focos(s) de infecção, desbridamento cirúrgico e monitoramento intensivo constituem a terapêutica adequada... (AU)

Introduction: Cervical Necrotizing Fasciitis is a rare infection, usually with rapid and progressive evolution of the superficial fascia and subcutaneous adipose tissue. It can develop from an odontogenic infection that spreads to the facial and deep planes. This study aims to report a clinical case of a 49-year-old female patient, seen at the Emergency Department of Hospital Getúlio Vargas-PE, with a clinical condition suggestive of Cervical Necrotizing Fasciitis of Odontogenic origin. Case report: The proposed treatment was broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotic therapy, radical surgical debridement with the installation of a right submandibular transfixing penrose drain, multiple extractions to remove the primary focus of the infection, in addition to curatives guided by the infectology team. Final considerations: Exceptionally, cervical necrotizing fasciitis must have an immediate diagnosis and management, due to the high rates of destruction, rapid progression and mortality. In cases of Necrotizing Fasciitis of odontogenic origin, antibiotic therapy, removal of the foci (s) of infection, surgical debridement and intensive monitoring constitute the appropriate therapy... (AU)

Epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas y microbiología de los pacientes con fascitis necrosante en el Hospital Nacional de Niños de Costa Rica / Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and microbiology of children with necrotizing fasciitis in a Costa Rican pediatric hospital

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de la morbilidad significativa asociada a la fascitis necrosante (FN), hay pocas publicaciones al respecto y esta es la serie pediátrica más grande proveniente de Latinoamérica. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología, características clínicas y microbiología de la FN en niños costarricenses. Pacientes y Métodos: Revisión de registros clínicos y anatomo-patológicos, período abril de 2002 a abril de 2014 en pacientes bajo 13 años de edad. Resultados: Cumplían requisito de inclusión 19/22 pacientes, 12 tenían co-morbilidad: 26% con antecedente de cirugía reciente y 21% eran neonatos. Etiología se documentó en hemocultivos en 26% y mediante cultivo de tejidos en 63% (un tercio de ellos polimicrobianos). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus fueron los agentes etiológicos más comúnmente hallados. La tasa de fatalidad fue de 42%, una de las más altas de la región. Conclusiones: La FN es una patología grave, inusual, asociada frecuentemente a neonatología y pacientes post-quirúrgicos, con etiología mixta que requiere de asociación de antimicrobianos y cirugía precoz. Su letalidad es elevada en nuestro medio, por sobre series previamente publicadas.

Abstract Background: Despite the significant associated morbidity of necrotizing fasciitis (NF), few studies have been published and this is the larger pediatric series in Latin America. Aim: To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and microbiology of NF in Costa Rican children. Methods: Review of clinical and pathological records, period April 2002 to April 2014, in patients under 13 years of age. Results: 19/22 patients met the inclusion requirement, 12 had co-morbidity: 26% with a history of recent surgery and 21% were neonates. Etiology was documented in blood cultures in 26% and by tissue culture in 63% (one third of them polymicrobial). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the three most common etiologic agents. Case fatality rate was 42%, one of the highest in our region. Conclusion: NF is a serious, unusual pathology, frequently associated with neonatology and post-surgical patients, with a mixed etiology that requires the association of antimicrobials and early surgery. Its lethality is high in our setting, over previously published series.

Severe bacterial skin infections

Abstract The severe bacterial diseases discussed herein are those that present dermatological lesions as their initial manifestations, for which the dermatologist is often called upon to give an opinion or is even the first to examine the patient. This review focuses on those that evolve with skin necrosis during their natural history, that is, necrotizing fasciitis, Fournier gangrene, and ecthyma gangrenosum. Notice that the more descriptive terminology was adopted; each disease was individualized, rather than being referred by the generic term "necrotizing soft tissue infections". Due to their relevance and increasing frequency, infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were also included, more specifically abscesses, furuncle, and carbuncle, and their potential etiologies by MRSA. This article focuses on the epidemiology, clinical dermatological manifestations, methods of diagnosis, and treatment of each of the diseases mentioned.

Gangrena de Fournier en un niño con síndrome nefrótico corticorresistente. A propósito de un caso / Fournier gangrene in a child with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Report of one case

La gangrena de Fournier es una fascitis necrotizante que afecta las regiones genital, perineal y perianal, de inicio súbito y diseminación rápidamente progresiva. Su diagnóstico obliga a una urgente intervención interdisciplinaria. La asociación con enfermedades nefrológicas es rara.Se presenta un caso de gangrena de Fournier en un niño con síndrome nefrótico corticorresistente y anasarca con edema escrotal grave. Recibió un esquema antibiótico de amplio espectro y se realizó un desbridamiento quirúrgico extenso e inmediato de la lesión necrótica. Posteriormente, requirió reparación por parte de Cirugía Plástica. Presentó una respuesta clínica favorable a la terapéutica instaurada.

Fournier gangrene is a necrotizing fasciitis that affects the genital, perineal and perianal regions, of sudden onset and rapidly progressive dissemination. Its diagnosis requires an urgent and interdisciplinary intervention. The association with nephrologic diseases is rare.We present a case of Fournier gangrene in a child with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and anasarca with severe scrotal edema. He received a broad-spectrum antibiotic scheme and extensive an immediate surgical debridement of the necrotic lesion was carried out. Subsequently, it was repaired by Plastic Surgery. He presented a favourable clinical response

Gangrena de Fournier / Fournier's gangrene

Introducción: La gangrena de Fournier es una enfermedad infecciosa caracterizada por una fascitis necrotizante de evolución fulminante que afecta a la región perineal, genital o perianal, con una rápida progresión y alta letalidad. Objetivo: Describir la sintomatología del paciente y buena evolución, a pesar de varios factores de mal pronóstico. Caso clínico: Se trata de un paciente masculino de 77 años de edad, diabético e hipertenso, remitido a cuidados intensivos, desde el servicio de Urología, con el diagnóstico de gangrena de Fournier, descontrol metabólico y agudización de su enfermedad renal crónica. Conclusiones: Con el tratamiento médico quirúrgico intensivo y la utilización de oxigenación hiperbárica, tuvo una evolución favorable, hasta su egreso(AU)

Introduction: Fournier gangrene is an infectious disease characterized by a necrotizing fascitis of fulminant evolution that affects the perineal, genital or perianal region, with rapid progression and high lethality. Objective: To describe the patient symptomatology and good evolution, despite several factors of poor prognosis. Clinical case: 77-year-old male patient, diabetic and hypertensive, referred to intensive care, from the urology department, with the diagnosis of Fournier gangrene, metabolic decontrol and exacerbation of chronic kidney disease. Conclusions: With intensive surgical and medical treatment and the use of hyperbaric oxygenation, he had a favorable evolution, until his discharge(AU)